The Maltese Falcon by Dashiell Hammett

When The Maltese Falcon was published in 1930, the world was only beginning to appreciate the detective novel. Though the first few detective novels that preceded Falcon received good enough reviews, they have equally been accused of being overly formulaic and vastly impersonal. Hammett revolutionized the detective novel by applying wild plots, well-rounded characters, and beautifully detailed settings.

The story of The Maltese Falcon follows the devilish detective Samuel Spade in his search for the infamous maltese falcon statuette, a historical artifact said to be worth millions. Spade must conquer his emotions, forcing himself to remain unaffected by the beautiful Brigid O'Shaughnessy, his romantic ties to his dead partner's wife, and threats and promises made by Gutman and his cronies Cairo and Wilmer.

Hammett masterfully paints a picture of an idealized San Francisco, the city in which The Maltese Falcon takes place. This San Francisco is unlike the factual city, as it is unrealistically (but pleasantly) overrun with corruption and bad guys looking for a quick million. Anyone can be a friend one moment and an enemy the next, therefore nobody can be trusted. This distrustful mentality can be seen thriving in each of the characters in the novel and could easily be associated with the time period in which it was set. This novel was written amidst the struggles of the Great Depression: nobody was catching a break and everyone was out to make a buck. While Samuel Spade is driven by a passion for justice and a personal interest, he is equally driven towards financial gain, even if it means betraying those close to him.

The ultimate lesson of The Maltese Falcon, however, is one in justice. Spade is willing to go to any lengths necessary to ensure that justice is served, whether it be something as lowly as sleeping with his corrupt partner's wife or something as noble as turning in a criminal whom he actually loves.

The Maltese Falcon was an easy and enjoyable read and undoubtedly deserves a place on the Best 100 Novels list among other greats, especially due to the striking quality of the language and imagery in regard to the nature of the novel's subject matter.

Never Let Me Go, written by Kazuo Ishiguro in 2005, is set in an alternative 1990's England, in which the world made biomedical advances after WWII instead of technological ones. The novel is the "memoir" of Kathy H, a student clone at the Hailsham School, and it is told as a series of memories. She is writing her story when she is about to begin donating her organs, and she is trying to recall all of her childhood memories in order to figure out when she became truly aware of what her future was going to be. She relives the memories of her childhood all the way up until she begins donating her organs.

The novel raises many questions including: What would you hold onto when life is short? What does it mean to be human? Would you speak up and help the clones? Can love excuse us from our destiny? The reason the novel is a "great" novel is because it raises these difficult questions, but it does not attempt to answer them for the reader. Because the novel is told as a series of memories, they do not have an agenda, and they do not try to prove a point to the reader, but instead they hand the reader a situation and allow him/her to determine what is important. Each reader is able to find his/her own answers in the story of Kathy's life because each reader brings his/her own experiences to the novel. Ishiguro's style draws the reader in by not revealing all of the information until the end. He gives the reader as much information as the characters had at that point in their life, so that when all is revealed the reader does not feel completely surprised.

To The Lighthouse, written by Virginia Woolf in 1927, is an insightful novel that effectively delves into the depths of human consciousness. Told in the new (and at the time, revolutionary) stream of consciousness technique, Woolf's novel centers around the Ramsay Family, on vacation at their summer home. Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay, as well as their eight children, and summer guests Lily Briscoe, Charles Tansley, William Bankes and Augustus Carmichael, comprise the heart of the novel.

Woolf's main focus in To The Lighthouse is exploring the differing visions of reality that are created by individual consciousnesses. The Lighthouse itself plays a central role in this exploration, serving as a concrete symbol of the creations of different perceptions and realities. In addition to exploring the nature of reality, Woolf also uses her novel to question the role of women and men in society. The unique feminist vision that exists in To The Lighthouse is centered in Woolf's belief in androgyny: that the ideal society allows women to adopt traditionally masculine traits and men to adopt those commonly deemed feminine. Although this feminist vision persists throughout the novel, it is cleverly masked by the revelations of each characters conscious stream of thought.

One of the greatest triumphs of Woolf's novel is that it exists on two separate, and distinctly different, planes. On one plane it presents the reality of the Ramsay's life in their other home, created through the unique thoughts of different characters. On the other, however, it questions the very nature of reality, whether it is a concrete actuality or simply a creation of mankind's need for security.

- KFox

The portrait of mankind in Vanity Fair highlights man’s shortcomings in the same way that a black and white photograph highlights the features of a woman’s face. But just as the woman’s cheeks will not be shown to be rosy red in an old picture, the accomplishments of men are not shown in William Thackeray’s Vanity Fair. Not even the most endearing of characters are given clemency by Thackeray in his satire. But those compelling characters are rare in this novel. Instead of discouraging readers through the absence of a hero Thackeray keeps the interests of his readers with his antidotes and sermons within each chapter and people's innate fascination with the darker side of life.

Vanity Fair is the story of Rebecca Sharp, a calculating socially ambitious woman without money or family to her name. She arrives in London through her friend Amelia Sedely and immediately fixes on Amelia's older brother, Joseph, as her hope for a wealthy husband. But Amelia's fiance, George Osbourne, does not want his reputation tarnished by being related to a governess and convinces Jos Sedely to forget Becky. Miss Sharp then goes off to her post as a governess at Queen's Crawley to serve Sir Pitt Crawley. She elopes with Rawdon Crawley, the younger son of Sir Pitt Crawley and heir to the spinster Miss Crawley's fortune. Once Miss Crawley learns of her nephew's imprudent marriage, she immediately disinherits him.

Meanwhile Amelia and her mother and father are now living in poverty after Mr. Sedely lost his fortune after being cheated by the older Mr. Osbourne. Amelia remains dedicated to George, even though he ignores her once their engagement is broken off because of her circumstances. His best friend, Captain William Dobbin, however remains loyal to the family out of his secret love and affection for Amelia. Dobbin informs George of the destitute Amelia is living in and that she remains in love with him. George pities Amelia and elopes with her all the while ennobling himself for saving such a wretched girl.

Becky and Amelia are now officer's wives and struggle to maintain a lavish lifestyles each is either accustomed to or wants. Each of them has a son and each is named for his father. Soon afterwards George is killed a Waterloo and Amelia again returns to poverty. Becky vows to make her husband a rich man, but his laziness and her deceitfulness keep them in debt, even though Becky is secretly stashing away money and gifts from wealthy gentlemen. When Rawdon discovers his wife's new fortune he leaves her. He accepts a new commission in the army, but contracts choleric fever and dies. Becky wanders Europe until she runs into Amelia, Dobbin, Jos Sedely, and little George Osbourne. Amelia inherited her living from Mr. Osbourne through Dobbin's intervention and the old man's pity for his grandson. Amelia and Dobbin are now together and Dobbin is acting as a father figure to little George. Becky re-establishes her claim on Jos and frightens him to the point of death. Even though Becky did not marry Jos, she takes on all his fortune. Back in England little Rawdon Crawley has inherited from Queen's Crawley and the elderly Miss Crawley's estate from his Uncle Pitt (Rawdon, Sr.'s older brother) and grew up under the care of his Uncle Pitt and Aunt Jane once he was left fatherless and abandoned by his mother.

Through people’s inclination to recognize and fixate on the flaws in others, Thackeray brings out similar characteristics in his reader. Vanity Fair explores the seven deadly sins and their role in the daily lives of people. Though the novel is set in nineteenth century England, its themes of mankind’s disappointments transcend generations. Thackeray’s personal life was continuously shaped and reshaped due to the shortcomings of men and failed expectations of not only others, but also his personal flaws and failures. Although Thackeray does not make any predictions as to the future of mankind, it can be argued that Thackeray saw more than just the mistakes humans made. Instead Thackeray could be suggesting that humans are unconditionally flawed and the only characteristic that distinguishes individuals from each other is the way in which they are flawed. However, Thackeray does not leave Little Rawdon Crawley desolate and doomed. Instead he gives him another chance to explore a new life through the fortune he deserved. Thus the final theme and lesson in Vanity Fair is redemption. As an avid religious realist Thackeray incorporates redemption from evil in Vanity Fair. The reader has many warnings of the failures of men from Thackeray, but in the end is left in a balanced world. -CMT

animal farm

George Orwell satirizes totalitarian regimes in his novel, Animal Farm. The novel was aimed primarily at the Soviet Union and the oppressive nature of Stalin's regime. It uses animals rather than people to depict uninformed masses blindly following charismatic leaders desperate to keep their power. Orwell warns that world leaders must be held accountable for their actions, and provides a possible scenario in which too much power is in too few hands. He does not, however, offer a solution.
The novel starts out with the animals under the dictatorship of Mr. Jones who owns the farm. Pigs lead the farm animals in a successful revolt against the humans of the farm. Assuming power, the pigs set rules for the animals to follow including, all animals are equal and "four legs good, two legs bad." The animals work extremely hard to ensure that Animal Farm is prosperous, but the pigs rapidly infringe on their rights and freedoms. They lie, manipulate, steal and exploit the loyalty of the animals to keep their precious power. By the end of the novel, the hard working horse, Boxer, is murdered by the pigs, and they are walking on two legs just like the humans.
Because the animals are ignorant, most of them cannot read, and do not question the authority of the pigs they are easily taken advantage of. Orwell uses the depressing fate of the animals as a warning of the dangers of uninformed masses. Leaders must be held accountable for their actions. or the power will make them desperate for more. Freedom and equality are not guarenteed, and Orwell calls for the people to protect them.
The novel's warning is too important to be ignored. The tragic ending, Boxer's death and the animals' realization of their oppression, makes the novel effective because it is an example of what could happen in the real world. After reading Animal Farm, it is clear that there must always be an awareness of inherent human rights to equality, and a fight to protect them from the abundant human versions of George Orwell's swine.
naf

The Sound and the Fury

The Sound and the Fury derives its greatness from many sources. Providing readers with a compelling plot, portraying tragically realistic characters, and utilizing a structure that, though somewhat influenced by the work of James Joyce, achieves a unique and thought provoking effect all its own, William Faulkner’s work comes together as a truly fantastic piece of literature that has survived throughout the generations. Spanning about thirty years, The Sound and the Fury focuses on the Compson family, and is told (in stream of consciousness form) through the eyes of Benjy, a severely retarded thirty three year old man, Quentin, a neurotic college student on the verge of suicide, and the sadistic, frustrated Jason (all of whom are brothers). The final section is told in third person form, and focuses mostly on Dilsey, the Compson family’s servant. The story details the tragic and demoralizing effects of the Compson family’s decline, calling upon notions of lost Southern glory and the disappearance of Southern values such as honor, purity, and morality. At the heart of this novel is Caddy, the Compson brothers' captivating sister, whose actions (she gets pregnant out of wedlock, and is later left by her husband when he discovers that Caddy’s child isn’t his) have dramatic and terrible effects on her brothers and the rest of her family.
One of the most interesting aspects of this work is the way it depicts time; told out of chronological order, any real sense of cohesive time (especially Benjy’s) becomes lost in most of the narrations amongst numerous flashbacks and memories that are extremely confusing at first, but ultimately help to advance the overall meaning and impact of the work. Focusing on themes such as birth, death, love, honor, family, obsession, corruption, and hope, the messages of The Sound and the Fury transcend the context of the Compson family microcosm. Through placing symbolic, archetypal significance on his central characters, Faulkner enables his work’s subject matter to apply to the greater human experience, each part of it relating to humanity as a whole in some way, and thus each individual reader. While this novel is complex, challenging, emotionally riveting, and very well executed, its true significance comes from the fact that it not only encompasses all the necessary requirements of “good writing,” but also achieves a universal effect that explores the emotions, motivations, and psychological experience of the human race as a whole.
-GM

Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut

Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five is a capturing novel about the life of Billy Pilgrim. Billy, like Kurt Vonnegut, was a prisoner in World War II and survives the largest massacre in European history: the bombing of Dresden. Some of Vonnegut’s story is fictional but the majority is based on real events and real people. World War II was an incredibly violent war and Vonnegut does an amazing job capturing some of the truths of this war and exposing them to the world. The Tralfamadorians, especially, enforce the brutality of the Dresden bombing and World War II. The Tralfamadorians are aliens who allegedly abduct Billy and make him see life differently. These aliens can see in the fourth dimension which allows them to see all moments in one’s life at the same time, making death much less important. This is a way for the reader and the soldiers to escape from brutal reality. Slaughterhouse-Five is considered by many to be Kurt Vonnegut’s best pieces and it is easy to see why. The novel captures the reader with its unique structure, honesty, and nonchalant violence. The bombing of Dresden was a horrible event considered to be worse even than Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Vonnegut is able to convey this violence in an excellent, educational way.

The Catcher in the Rye

Salinger's novel, The Catcher in the Rye, was published in 1951, a time of post war transformations of attitudes. Due to the dissension of the country caused by World War II and the Great Depression, society was in a state of tradionalism and conformism. Salinger accuses this society of being in a state of "blissful denial" as a coping mechanism for avoiding the problems that faced the generation in the wake of such a difficult time. As a response to these attitudes, Salinger created his unique and dynamic protagonist, Holden Caulfield. Holden Caulfield is a one of a kind character with a revolutionary representation. He shocked his decade with his blunt, to the point, commentary on his environment. He expresses interesting insight on all of the people around him that set the tone for his rebellion against the attutudes of his time. Holden has a significant hatred for the "phoniness" of the adultworld as they fail to reject the reality of the times. The concept of the catcher in the rye involves Holden's desire to save all children from growing to adulthood. He describes to his younger sister, Phoebe, with whom he maintains a close relationship with, that he wishes he could stand in a rye field and catch the children as they fall of the "cliff" of childhood. This novel started a revolution as it started a generation of thinking concerning attitudes of realistic individualism that was identifiable, especially with youth. I thoroughly enjoyed this novel as Holden is a refreshing character with new and interesting insights into the obvious hipocracy that the adult world suffers from throughout history.
-gff

The Sound and the Fury

This book is interesting. Faulkner, yet again, explores the theme of southern aristocratic values and the south's inabilty to forget the past. The South entered a changed reality after the war. Faulkner masterfully uses stream of consciousness to reveal the thoughts of four individuals who were dealing with that change. It's amazing how Faulkner exposes a situation through so much complexity. The difficulty of the book may keep readers away but it is truly a great book and an accomplishment once it's completed.

LORD OF THE FLIES

The well-known plot of boys lost on an island has not been deemed an original idea because of the many adaptations of it that have been written and published. William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, however, does not fall under the category of another children’s adventure story. Considered one of the Top 100 Novels of the 20th Century, Lord of the Flies is built on complex themes of human brutality, structure of society, tyranny versus democracy, and many others. Golding has a pessimistic view toward mankind and human nature, which has made the book controversial for many. There are innumerable critics who have written about the novel, two in particular, Bernard F. Dick and Kathleen Woodward. World War II played a large role in influencing the novel, as did William Golding’s life.
When the book was published in 1954, it was an instant bestseller in England and then rapidly gained popularity in America. Due to its widespread success, translations were made throughout Europe, Russia, and Asia. Soon it became “one of the most familiar and studied tales of the century” (Baker, James R. 1). Over time, however, two general opinions have formed in response to the novel. Some critics and readers felt that it was insightful on the past and predicted the future in the hands of mankind. Others regarded William Golding’s observations on human nature as pessimistic and antiquated.
Bernard F. Dick was one such critic that compared Golding’s works with Greek tragedies. While Dick agreed with many of Golding’s thoughts on human nature, Dick also made many arguments against Golding’s opinions. While he discussed Lord of the Flies, Dick made constant arguments for or against Golding’s themes. Bernard F. Dick argues that the “suppression of the Dionysian”, or “brute” side of man causes the societal breakdown in Lord of the Flies. Dick agrees with Golding that “evil is indigenous to the species” (Dick 15).
Another critic is Kathleen Woodard, who also comments on Golding’s underlying themes in the novel. While Dick argued that the “suppression of the beast within leads to its eruption” (Dick 13), Woodward argues that the indulgence of it does. In her article, “The Case for Strict Law and Order,” Woodward argues that Lord of the Flies presents a convincing argument for the “imposition of strict law and order to suppress violent behavior” (Woodward 93).
The question of human nature has been debated for centuries, and through the development of the novel, readers discover Golding’s opinion of mankind. The ending of the novel appears to be predictable, which may imply our own acceptance of original sin. By observing the interaction between Ralph, Jack, and Piggy, readers see the struggle for power develops because of the boy’s fear of being weak. Survival of the fittest is what drives the boys to becoming savage and murderous, because they fear of becoming the underdog. Golding’s observation of original sin is not as off base as some critics perceive, because the themes in Golding’s novel were apparent in the world around him after WWII, and have been common themes in novels and stories for ages.

"Beloved" by Toni Morrison

Toni Morrison’s bestselling novel Beloved is said to be one of the best books of all time because it brilliantly encapsulates the passion, the horror, and the magic of what African Americans endured during 1800’s America, a time period when slavery was a fashionable institute of United States culture. Although it is the twenty-first century and slavery is often viewed as a tale of a nation’s past, the memory of slavery still plays a fundamental role in the way ethnicities of American society function today. Therefore although it may be difficult to recognize some of the most warped foundations that actually helped establish the United States decades ago; Morrison proves through her story Beloved, the benefits of acknowledging the past in order to be freed from its memories in the future, which ultimately helps one grasp a better understanding of self-identity and culture.
Beloved serves as one of the most profound novels of American Literature because of Morrison’s unique use of literary devices such as diction, fanciful imagery, and remarkable shifting angles of opinion to transform a nightmare of American history into a beautifully written story of growth, love and the magic of the human soul. Truly understanding slave stories can be difficult at times, especially when most people haven’t the slightest idea of what the gravity of life for African Americans was like before the Emancipation Proclamation. Nevertheless, Morrison does a fantastic job of depicting the toils of life in the past, through the eyes of free-slaves recollecting memories of when they were literally worked to the bone, raped, beat and mercilessly killed arbitrarily. Despite the negative connotations that encompass slavery, Morrison provides a novel with an underlining positive tone, using the story of Beloved as a way to embrace the flaw of a nation’s past. Beloved inevitably becomes such a powerful book because not only does it function as a literary movement for African Americans, but also as a memento of what life in the past was like, and how every American (despite race) can appreciate the present due to the previous mistakes of the nation.


By: Rachel V. Tolbert

*** goodbye foxcroft - Yay for College***

"I, Claudius" by Robert Graves

Graves has created an unlikely hero in his chosen narrator of the Emperor Claudius. Born of the Claudio-Julian line, he is both handicapped and has a severe speech impediment making him the whipping boy of his family tree. While deceit, murder, and cruelty plague his family, friends, and the Roman Senate Claudius manages to survive and record the lives of three emperors until his own ascension into power. His keen eye and detached tone serve him well as he watches the tumultous history of his family play out before him; none suspect that "poor Claudius" will ever amount to anything. Graves re-makes the autobiography of the actual Claudius into an enthralling as well as realistic landscape, breathing life into ancient Rome.

Michael Babus

Catch-22

the story takes place in a fictional island called Pianosa during the time of WWII.
Catch-22 does not flow with the sequence, but the story rather proceeds according to lives of each character described in each chapters. In short, Catch-22 is an overall story of soldiers who are lunatic and insane--desperately trying to avoid the military services. Their only goal is to survive. Heller uses a great deal of gags and satires to portray the ugliness of the war. In that, readers feel the horror in the middle of their ecstatic laughs--this condtraditory juxtaposition nonetheless distinguish Catch-22 as one of the best novels of the 20th century. Each soldier is the embodiment of cowardice and absurdity--their lives full of lunatic incidents. However, as the protagonist Yossarian encounters theses minor characters, he learns the life lesson. Yossarian used to be such full of midiocrity; he fakes illness to be out of military activities. In the end, however, his interactions with other midiocre characters teach him the value of humanity--life is not winning or losing. it rather is accumulating experience gained through interactions and interconnection between people. in that, even though Yossarian desperately wanted to be out of military service, he chooses not to take the upper power's offer since he would have to betray his other friend soldiers if he had taken the offer. From a man whose only desire is to survive and getting out of serving military therefore, Yossarian transforms into a man of humanity and compassion. in short, Heller definitely warns the people of futility and horror of the war in Catch-22. however, he further delineates the most important value in our lives.--YJK

The Ginger Man -- J.P. Donleavy

The Ginger Man is the story of Sebastian Dangerfield and his adventures through Dublin.  Dangerfield is an appealing character that has many devious habits, drawing the reader into the novel.  The book deserves to be on the Top 100 Books of the 20th Century because it shows a raw lifestyle, uncensored in every approach.  Although the book had difficulty being published, J.P. Donleavy was able to stand by his work and ultimately be the author of a successful novel.  J.P. Donleavy's life is reflected in the novel through education, culture and beliefs.  The Ginger Man was not one of my favorite books, but nonetheless contains a unique protagonist within a humorous story. EAM

God's mercy

On the wild

Ginger Man.

Brave New World by Aldous Huxley

Huxley's Brave New World is a novel about a corrupt "utopian" society called the World State. It follows the story of Bernard (the "outcast"), Lenina (the stereotypical World State citizen), and John (the "savage"). There is also Mond, the corrupt government official. Huxley's use of irony (for example, the higher officials are the most corrupt) and vast array of characters (each shows a different view of the World State), makes the novel one of the best 100 novels. Huxley's characters are easy to become attached to and the way the utopian World State functions is intriguing and keeps the reader's attention (babies are grown in bottles, promiscuity and orgies are encouraged, and the people frequently take a drug called soma to keep them agreeable).

I would definitely recommend this book to anyone in the class. It is a good story, as well as interesting. A good read! (HCS)

1984

George Orwell’s dystopian novel 1984 is the epitome of this functional literature. It fully illustrates the imaginary circumstances in 1984, which is about 30 years after the book was written. In 1984, former Great Britain, Oceania is taken over by an oppressive government that does not allow any freedom to its people in order to prevent uprisings. People are always being watched and heard by cameras and radios controlled by the government. They cannot keep documents, marry someone whom they really love, nor study the past. While most citizens are brainwashed by the system and they absolutely believe in the rectitude of the government, the protagonist, Winston Smith, regrets the helpless reality. He even keeps a diary and secretly visits an antique store that sells forbidden goods from the past. Although he knows in his heart that the government should not be allowed to subjugate its people, he hides his feelings for a fear of being “evaporated.” One day, while he was disposing of the documents from the past, he finds a piece of propaganda poster. While he is still hesitant to face the government, Julia, a revolutionary coworker at the Ministry of Truth triggers his will to stand against the corrupted government. The two of them share their opinions on the foul system and try to make a change. There seems to be no problem in their plan to overthrow the government until the very last moment and they even win a sponsor. In the end, however, it turns out that the shopkeeper at the antique store was an employee at the government and that he has been observing the two all along. Even the sponsor turns out to be a member of the government staff. Winston and Julia finally succumb to the inevitable fate.

The Catcher in the Rye

J. D. Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye is one of the best fictional works of the Twentieth Century. The novel discusses various aspects of teenage life through the author’s main character, Holden Caulfield. Throughout the novel Holden experiences common elements of teenage life such as alienation, nostalgia and depression. He, like many young adults struggles with the transition from adolescence to adulthood finding security in only one part of life, for him it was protecting the innocent. Concepts such as these support various literary strategies within the work such as mythology and teenage culture. Critics have also accepted the novel as a tour de force emphasizing specific aspects as coming of age, Odyssey-like characteristics and the need to defend the innocent. Components such as these support the novel’s timeless excellence and literary appeal. The Catcher in the Rye is Salinger’s magnum opus and by far one of the most influential works of the Twentieth Century providing readers with various universal and personal interpretations to draw them in.

FINAL THOUGHTS: Nominees for the best novel of the 20th Century

To the AP Scholars of 2008: Please add your nominee for literary greatness (your book) to this blog. You can take a look at the short story posts that last year's class did. (Relax: yours can be shorter.) Your entry should be no more than a paragraph or two about your book. You should focus on why you think it is great and or readable. If it has drawbacks, explain those and then, you should tell us if you would recommend it and to whom. Add a graphic if you would like, but it is not required. This will be your note for posterity- your very own AP English time capsule for the ages. Have fun with it!

Richard Wright: The Power of Words

I really enjoyed doing this project on Richard Wright. I looked at his stories through historical criticism and biographical criticism. He wrote during the Harlem Renaissance, which was a flourishing time for writers, especially African American writers, to express their views. I'm including some paragraphs from my paper which I think will help describe Wright's unique short stories. If I had to recommend one of them, it would be "Bright and Morning Star" which is the last story in his collection of short stories, Uncle Tom's Cabin. This story embodies all the messages Wright was trying to convey. "Freedom belongs t the strong" is how Wright chose to end both the story, and the entire collection. I admire Wright because everything he wrote was somewhat of a suggestive message. He was, and still is, extremely influential because of the power of his words.

The power of words proved to be extremely influential at the start of the Harlem Renaissance. After the fall of the stock market, when the Works Progress Administration started hiring people for public relief, there was an organization called the Writer’s Project (Brown 1). The program employed sixty-five hundred writers to travel to twenty-six different states and write biographies on everyone they met (Brown 1). Many flocked to Harlem, which began the massive immersion of creativity in the “black capital” (Brown 2). Some describe the Harlem Renaissance as being, “…promoted by a very small band of intellectuals who had migrated to Harlem along with thousands of ordinary folks who flocked there too” (Brown 2). The Harlem Renaissance was a time when African-Americans found a way to express themselves not only through writing, but through art and music as well.

Richard Wright was among the first African-American writers to obtain national recognition for his writings. A “poster-child” for the Harlem Renaissance, Wright began his career writing for the Federal Writer’s Project, which consequently forced him to endure numerous moves. Wright is well known for bringing his life into his writings. Many aspects of his history can be seen in any one of his literary works. He became interested in the Communist Party in the mid 1920s; when he moved to Chicago in 1927 with the Illinois Federal Writer’s project, he began attending a Communist Party-sponsored organization called the John Reed Club (Shuman 1694). Wright supported those who were a part of the Communist Party because they were working diligently to improve ongoing racial discrimination. One of the prominent Communist newspapers, the Daily Worker, hired Wright to be the Harlem editor in 1937 (Shuman 1694). During this time his short story collection, Uncle Tom’s Children, was published and received a five hundred dollar prize from the Federal Writer’s Project for being the “best work” (Shuman 1694). Wright made it a point to exploit the unknown poverty and racism going on in the South. His characters are often suppressed in more ways than just racially. Wright’s imagery and use of figurative language can be seen in all of his published short stories.

In all of these short stories, Wright explores different ways of dealing with racial oppression. In the beginning stories such as “Big Boy Leaves Home” and “Down By the Riverside”, the protagonists attempt to run away. Every attempt leaves them dead. Wright is perhaps suggesting the black man during this time period could not flee from racial prejudice, no matter the circumstances. In the later stories, “Bright and Morning Star” and “Fire and Cloud”, the reader experiences a different way of handling an inevitable situation. The characters stand their ground; they resist the oppression even though the result will be the same: death. Sue and Johnny-Boy in “Bright and Morning Star” not only stand up for themselves, but for the Communist Party as well. Sue is one of the few female characters in Wright’s works that can be admired for her willpower. McCall brings up a valid point in his criticisms stating, “When the book ends with the cry of black triumph, ‘Freedom belongs t the strong,’ we are to see it not just as the end of that story but as the point toward which all the stories have been moving” (McCall 25). Wright’s writing opened eyes to the actual occurrences taking place in the both the South and in the North. (Simply Fresh)

Truman Capote: A Man Scarred by his Past

Truman Capote can be defined as a man of great personality and vibrancy. His colorful
character affected not only his writing but his fame was as well. Capote’s peculiar childhood and homosexuality caused the themes of his work to follow a common thread; Capote often wrote about loneliness, loss of innocence, and the power of love. Through looking at Capote’s life, one can see why Capote was so fascinated with these topics. Capote’s writing is often known for having two sides, a dark and disturbed side generally seen in his early fiction, and a lighter side. His lighter side can be seen in his novels and novellas like Breakfast at Tiffany’s, where he highlights the life of parties and glamour, while his darker side comes to the surface in his most noted novel In Cold Blood. Capote’s dark side of writing often depicts a lost and lonely character; much like Capote was himself as a child. In his lighter works, Capote’s ephemeral life of fame and fortune mirrors the animation and energy of his characters.
In his short stories, Capote follows the same routine; often his stories chronicle the happy and extravagant life of the wealthy, while some of them contain a friendless and secluded outsider. He was often criticized for a lack of diversity in his work as a result of these recurring characters. Paul Levine, an award-winning author remarks that “The reaction to the amazing success of his early books has relegated Capote to the position of a clever, cute, coy, commercial, and definitely minor figure in contemporary literature, whose reputation has been built less on a facility of style than on an excellent advertising campaign. Even an earnest supporter would have to admit that Capote’s stories tiptoe the tenuous line between the precocious and the serious.” These issues in Capote’s writing can be easily understood by examining Capote’s childhood, and later his life as a celebrity. Levine refutes the view of Capote’s work as trivial, “the attacks on Capote seem more personal than literary.” Capote’s upbringing was not only distressed by the divorce and negligence of his parents, but also the difficulties he had growing up as a homosexual in a small Southern town. Due to Capote's harsh past, his work which on the surface may be interpreted as tenuous and weak, is indeed more meaningful and profound than it seems.
Capote's fame began with the appearance of "A Tree of Night" in magazines like Harper's Bazaar and Mademosielle in 1949. It is one of Capote's quintessential dark stories. The main character, a young girl named Kay, finds herself in the middle of nowhere, alone with two carnival performers. These people torment Kay and try to make her buy a "love charm", but their general appearance is what frightens Kay the most. Kay must decide what to do, but she is completely alone to do so. I would suggest this story because it is eerie and intriguing, and is very typical of Truman Capote because it reflects the intense fear that so preoccupied him. (AF)